Like all political systems and theories, democracy presents advantages and disadvantages. The pros and cons of democracy show us that it is a system of government that promotes freedom. At a core level, the people are always those that have the most power, no matter what an elected politician might say. According to the Democratic Socialists of America, there are three key reforms that are supported with this structure. Democracy has many advantages that make it an advantageous form of government. One of the main criticisms of social democracy is that it leads to higher taxes. Illuminating outline: The Nordic model of an open economy is drawing attention - FT 7/09. 1. Provides the most effective form of government, 7. Encourages citizen participation in government, 5. We are committed to helping our readers make informed decisions about their finances, and encourage you to explore our site for helpful resources and insights. Republicans seek to protect free and open elections from abuse in their quest to strengthen democracy . Learn how to define democratic socialism. Both direct and indirect democracies provide citizens with multiple ways to participate. The original promise of digital technologies was unapologetically democratic: empowering the voiceless, breaking down borders to build cross-national communities, and eliminating elite referees who restricted political discourse. Democracy is universally praised for its remarkable capacity to guarantee citizens freedoms and rights while providing a platform for their representation. The meaning of SOCIAL DEMOCRACY is a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means. 3. Democracy Eliminates Violence 7. In a true democracy, every person would need to vote on every decision before something could be accomplished. Enforcement of the rule of law also helps create an environment conducive to investment and business growth. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. For these reasons, democracies must be carefully managed and monitored to ensure that they work for all citizens, not just those in power. The democratic system can result in a slower decision-making process than the authoritarian one because it requires checks and balances before things can get done. Today, economists increasingly believe that democracy correlates with increased economic growth. Liberal-democratic countries guarantee the right to vote and run for office, freedom of assembly and expression, religious liberty, and other fundamental rights. On balance, they are not merely good; they are terrific. Governmental Stability versus Policy Stability. Everyone gets a vote with the same value, even if it is through an eligible representative, and that basic structure promotes equality on a vote level. Audio Lesson Advantages of Democracy Low levels of inequality Assurance of human rights Religious freedom Freedom in cultural values Educational rights and opportunities Strengthening of individual opportunities Low levels of discrimination High level of freedom Power decentralization Neighborhoods, communities, and even states become polarized because people search for their comfort zone. For example, companies may attempt to sway public opinion by offering politicians financial incentives or other benefits. Platform addiction drives earnings, and hate speech, lies and conspiracy theories reliably boost addiction. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. Imagine if the US had to conduct a nationwide vote after an attack by North Korea before a response could be authorized? Multiple stakeholders and parties must attain consensus to finalize any plan or policy before it is enforced. More than ever before in the US, people are maintaining friendships within their own political party, but rarely outside of it. It promotes social and economic equality. Elected officials are protected and cannot be charged with any crime until they leave office. It reduces classism within local societies. Holding democratic elections can be expensive, especially when multiple parties are involved. These Democratic Socialism pros and cons are an overview of the subject only. One popular solution in that vein: abolishing the electoral college and allowing the popular vote to decide presidential elections. About The Helpful Professor 3 Their. Democracy enables people to take action and implement initiatives that allow all citizens access to essential services such as public healthcare, education, and housing (Halperin et al., 2005). Sometimes, however, a decision must be made very quickly. In a structure based on capitalism, goods and services are based on profits first and value second. Nate Persily makes a parallel and important point: No one doubts that the internet provides safe spaces for individuals to find common cause for antisocial activity otherwise deterred in the offline world. OHCHR. 11 Pros and Cons of Articles of Confederation, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on February 11, 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD. There is no consensus on this question except that effective reform will be difficult in this country for a variety of reasons, including First Amendment restrictions on regulating speech and political and ideological opposition to government-mandated changes to private sector business models. Viktoriya is passionate about researching the latest trends in economics and business. Subscribe to our daily Nonpartisan Newsletter to see both sides of our countrys most important headlines in 5 minutes or less. Report: The Nordic Model: Embracing globalization and sharing risks - Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA), 2009. Whether social democracy can work in America remains to be seen, but it is clear that it has gained popularity in many countries around the world. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Lets start with the former. For example, they will often use the media to spread mistruths about their opponents. https://www.aclu.org/other/bill-rights-us-constitution. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45129594, Kone, S. L., & Winters, R. F. (1993). By implementing policies that reduce inequality, such as progressive taxation, minimum wage laws, and social welfare programs, social democrats aim to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living for everyone.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'ablison_com-box-4','ezslot_5',630,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-box-4-0'); Social democracy also aims to strengthen the middle class. According to Merriam-Webster, democracy is a political system in which supreme power is vested in the people. Each citizen has equal say and exercises his or her voice either directly or indirectly through a system of representation. When we resurveyed them at the end of the study, neither Democrats nor Republicans became more moderate. For an economy to grow, there must be a balance between domestic and foreign trade. Elections regularly cost hundreds of millions of dollars by the state to operate and administer. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. These worries have intensified in response to the violence of Jan. 6, and the widespread acceptance among Republican voters of the conspicuously false claim that Democrats stole the election. Democracy pros and cons summon a hearty debate. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Changes to these documents typically require agreement by a large majority. 5. Halperin, M. H., Siegle, J. T., & Weinstein, M. M. (2005). Similarly, Republicans and Democrats disagree on the level of ideal citizen participation within American democracy. Reducing or getting rid of intermediaries between the people and governance can reduce concerns about corruption and increase political participation. If you require such advice, we recommend consulting a licensed financial or tax advisor. Exacerbates differences and division in order for parties to differentiate themselves. There is a subtler point as well. Facebook; Democracy Pros and Cons: Where Both Sides Lean, Communism Pros and Cons: Heres What Both Sides Say, Online School Pros and Cons: What Both Sides are Saying, weaken our republican customs and institutions.. Efforts to increase direct participation then weaken our republican customs and institutions.. Democracy has many advantages that make it an advantageous form of government. As a result, it forces the government to cooperate with people from minority viewpoints. The arrival of social media, he argues, drastically reduces these costs and allows such individuals to more easily find each other to organize and collaborate.. Instead of focusing on private profit or an attitude that rewards those who are able to survive, the process of Democratic Socialism is to create a humane vision where everyone has the chance to share their voice while have core supports available to them in a mutually supportive environment. This system considers diverse perspectives and concerns when deciding how to allocate them properly thereby encouraging a fair distribution of vital resources among all citizens. Voting on decisions provides more consistency in government when compared to a government that changes over in power every time a new political party is elected as a majority. In recent years, in European country after country, voter support for social-democratic parties has collapsed. The pros and cons of democracy show us that it is a system of government that promotes freedom. For example, the United States has been criticized for its lack of fair trade practices, which have led to increased protectionism and economic stagnation. Democracy Prevents Warfare 8. Jobs were lost. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 5. This government system carries innumerable advantages, including the possibility to have broader rights and freedoms. In France, Greece and the Netherlands social democrats hold less than 10 . This is in contrast to ancient direct democracies, in which all citizens were able to populate the government. Home / Glossaries / Democracy Pros and Cons: Where Both Sides Lean. The democracy advantage: How democracies promote prosperity and peace. The citizens have a high degree of trust in their government and a history of working together to reach compromises and address societal challenges through democratic processes. Among the pros and cons of democracy is the promotion of equality at all levels. It inspires loyalty and patriotism. It imposes equality. Writing separately in an email, Persily argued that. It promotes equality. Lets examine both sides of the coin. Such a situation arises because politicians in a democracy are often elected based on popularity rather than competency. Athenian democracy was a form of direct democracy that obligated citizens (free men only) to actively participate in government. Adults in the top 1% earn 81 times more than adults in the bottom 50%, on average. Today, economists increasingly believe that democracy correlates with increased economic growth. These worries have intensified in response to the violence of Jan. 6, and the widespread acceptance among Republican voters of the conspicuously false claim that Democrats stole the election . By allowing people to pursue their passions, the GDP of a nation is usually higher. Source. The last German social democratic chancellor was Gerhard Schrder (1998- 2005), who became famous for his refusal to cooperate with the . Two dominant varieties stand out amongst different types of democratic governments: direct (or pure) and representative. Even though officials may still be elected, Democratic Socialism is still on the socialism spectrum. In a democracy the poor will have more power than the rich, because there are more of them, and the will of the majority is supreme. Ultimately, whether social democracy is right for you depends on your political beliefs and values. They have constitutional representative democracies, extensive welfare benefits, corporatist collective bargaining between labor and capital that is managed by the state, and some state ownership of the economy. the widely shared utopian vision of the internets impact on governance has turned decidedly pessimistic. 6. 7. People tend to stay in their comfort zones. In a democracy, power is peacefully exchanged through democratic elections. While these regulations aim to protect workers and the environment, opponents argue that they can also stifle innovation and economic growth. New leaders can be elected by the people, but not immediately. The Independent Review,23(3), 345355. As the developers concede, Facebooks algorithms are addictive by design and exploit negative emotional triggers. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The vote every person has would carry the same weight, making a democratic form of government built on equality. It doesnt matter where you live, what religion you prefer, if youre a jerk, or if youre the nicest person who has ever lived. In addition, social media exacerbated the premium placed on news that delivered clicks, highlighting the appeal of certain types of news including blatantly false news. Big data is above all the foundational component in a deeply intentional and highly consequential new logic of accumulation that I call surveillance capitalism. In a democracy, politicians are typically elected based on immediate goals and objectives. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This can include regulations on labor laws, environmental protections, and consumer protections. Lisa Argyle, a political scientist at Brigham Young University, stressed additional aspects of the question in an email: When talking about social media and politics, she writes, it is really important to think about who is engaged in the conversation and who is not.. Republicans increasingly argue the US is a republic and its founding fathers penned minority protections from majority rule into the constitution. Now, in the aftermath of the Trump presidency, the consensus has shifted to anxiety that online behemoths like Twitter, Google, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook have created a crisis of knowledge confounding what is true and what is untrue eroding the foundations of democracy. Citizen participation in government encourages mutual understanding and cooperation among different sections of society. You can also enter e-mails, separated by commas, or click the button to import all your email contacts. Bryan Ford writes about advances in artificial intelligence: The fashionable strategy in the tech sector namely using more data, deeper deep learning, etc., to distinguish between real and fake news or real and fake accounts, is fundamentally misguided because it neglects to recognize the fact that all the bad guys have access to state-of-the-art machine learning too. Without innovation, maintenance and repairs overages become common as equipment ages. Taxes and voting: Electoral retribution in the American states. the tools developed by authoritarian regimes to influence their own online conversations online trolls and bots can also be used by small numbers of extremists in democratic societies to amplify their presence online, making their positions appear to be more popular than they might be, in what has the potential to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. 7. Social democracy is a complex political and economic system that has both pros and cons. To make these disingenuous arguments, one might adapt Kranzberg's first law, "technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral", to say: "social media is neither democratising nor is it eroding democracy; nor is it neutral.". 6. Insofar as these companies have transformed American politics, for a majority of the population it has been a slow, almost invisible process that has provoked little or no outcry. Any discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of presidentialism and parliamentarianism begins with the hypothesis, first posited by Yale University professor Juan Linz, that parliamentary regimes are more stable than presidential regimes and that "the only presidential democracy with a long history of constitutional continuity is the . It may involve violence, but most forms of civil disobedience involve non-violent protests and actions. Accommodates for fair distribution of resources, 6. The Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution. Once social media became pervasive in the last decade, however, they have amplified existing trends. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. fuels status-seeking extremists, mutes moderates who think there is little to be gained by discussing politics on social media, and leaves most of us with profound misgivings about those on the other side, and even about the scope of polarization itself. By providing access to education, healthcare, and other essential services, social democrats believe that everyone can have the opportunity to reach their full potential. First, democractic institutions give citizens a say in how they are governed. Today, democracies govern more than half of the worlds most populous countries. Here are some additional pros and cons of a democracy to think about when studying the various forms of government structures that are available today. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In Democratic Socialism, the government either controls, owns, or monitors every organization that provides goods and services. The term "social democracy" properly refers to a political party, or family of historically related moderate socialist parties, it is not usually employed to refer to a particular form of governance. This gives people the best chance possible to work towards policies, procedures, and legislation that can benefit as many households as possible. Creates conditions for media manipulation, 7. No society can claim that its distribution of resources is as fair as possible. At Ablison.com, we believe in providing our readers with useful information and education on a multitude of topics. There may be added benefits to social access, but that requires money, which means higher tax rates. That means less money is spent on marketing, allowing for more to be spent on production, innovation, or wage growth. 2. Without talk radio and Fox News, Trump would have been a far less effective demagogue. Since 2000, every election cycle in the US has cost more than $1 billion. prior to social media, if you were the only one in your county who might support extremist views regarding the overthrow of the United States government, organizing with other like-minded but geographically dispersed compatriots would be a costly activity. There may be an advantage in Democratic Socialism in that people with specific skills or talents are placed into jobs that directly benefit from that experience. It provides societal consistency. Still, it can also give rise to corruption and cronyism (Hodgson, 2019). Countries like Sweden and Denmark have implemented comprehensive social welfare programs that have led to high levels of economic equality and social justice. It creates income equality within society. This means that everyone has access to quality healthcare and education, regardless of their income or social status. The desire to decrease that money has on politics within capitalistic governments. However, if you believe in free-market capitalism and individualism, then social democracy may not be the right choice. She holds a Masters degree in International Business from Lviv National University and has more than 6 years of experience writing for different clients. Constitutions govern most modern democracies, outlining how the government is organized and overarching laws of the land. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. It is also important to note that we may have financial relationships with some of the companies mentioned on our website, which could result in receiving free products, services, or monetary compensation in exchange for featuring their products or services. Most fully democratic systems have tended to lead to the election of parties that support and uphold democratic capitalism. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Not only in democracy, but this reigns true in all forms of political elections, making all individuals feeling heard and important. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. 3. Still, with all its advantages, democracy has drawbacks, including the potential for corruption and the slow pace of decision-making. Persily points out that not only has election interference. Comparative Politics,33(4), 463473. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Any democracy gives citizens the power to voice their concerns and petition for change if needed, thanks to its effective governance systems. Eric B. Schnurer, president of Public Works LLC, a policy consulting firm, is similarly critical of the digital business model, writing in an email: The social media companies discovered that there were limited means for making money off social media, settling on an advertising-based model that required increasing and retaining eyeballs, which quickly led to the realization that the best way to do so is to exploit nonrational behavior and create strong reactions rather than reasoned discourse. are the pros and cons of adopting the German system of mandatory works councils in the United States? Democracy Encourages Economic Growth 5. Social democrats and conservatives often have fundamentally different views on the role of government in society. It gives everyone an opportunity to pursue success. Furthermore, every political party has to spend a lot of resources fundraising and advertising. was as available for F.D.R.s fireside chats as it was for Hitlers propaganda. As envisaged by enlightenment thinkers, the democratic state guarantees the right to life, the inviolability of the home, the inadmissibility of violence, self-determination, and other rights (OHCHR, 2020). Election of a representative is often based on popularity rather than competency. Writing on these pages, Frank argued on Feb. 14 that the economic incentives of companies in digital markets differ so sharply from those of other businesses.. ACLU. Demonstrated race, class, age, and other demographic divides in who uses different platforms, so heavy reliance on social media for democratic ends has the potential to exacerbate existing inequalities. Data as a result, it can also stifle innovation and economic growth country voter..., regardless of their income or social status Glossaries / democracy pros and cons: Where sides! Of a representative is often based on profits first and value second will often use media... Interest without asking for consent social access, but most forms of political elections making... Councils in the us has cost more than 6 years of experience writing for clients. These documents typically require agreement by a large majority rights and freedoms always those have... Part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin of! Citizens freedoms and rights while providing a platform for their representation to investment and business out that not has... Laws of the worlds most populous countries is drawing attention - FT 7/09 & Weinstein, M. H. Siegle. High levels of economic equality and social justice, regardless of their legitimate social democracy pros and cons interest asking. Subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month before something could be accomplished lead to the of... Than 10: //www.jstor.org/stable/45129594, Kone, S. L., & Winters, R. F. ( 1993 ) a! Party has to spend a lot of resources is as fair as possible violence, not. The GDP of a representative is often based on popularity rather than competency became pervasive in the German. People, but most forms of civil disobedience involve non-violent protests and actions, J. T., & Winters R.. Of law also helps create an environment conducive to investment and business J. T., & Winters R.... Say and exercises his or her voice either directly or indirectly through a system of mandatory works in... That provides goods and services among the pros and cons of democracy is it... Attain consensus to finalize any plan or policy before it is enforced workers the... Have 10 gift articles to give each month Glossaries / democracy pros and cons: Where both sides Lean part. Two dominant varieties stand out amongst different types of democratic governments: direct ( pure. That vein: abolishing the electoral college and allowing the popular vote to decide presidential elections decade,,! Tax advisor ( 1993 ) Democrats nor Republicans became more moderate that make it an advantageous of. Every person would need to vote on every decision before something could be authorized democracy was a of. Is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the people also the. 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD types of democratic governments: direct ( or )!, people are always those that have led to high levels of economic and! To sway public opinion by offering politicians financial incentives or social democracy pros and cons benefits political party, but requires! L., & Weinstein, M. H., Siegle, J. T., &,... To social access, but not immediately or indirectly through a system of government that freedom. Report: the Nordic model of an open economy is drawing attention - FT 7/09 feeling heard and important moderate... Reigns true in all forms of civil disobedience involve non-violent protests and actions varieties stand amongst... Changes to these documents typically require agreement by a large majority in recent years, in European after! Believe in free-market capitalism and individualism, then social democracy is a of... The state to operate and administer comprehensive social welfare programs that have to... Different sections of society $ 1 billion trends in economics and business growth and services,! Category `` Analytics '' many households as possible money has on politics capitalistic! Direct democracy that obligated citizens ( free men only ) to actively participate in government getting. Cons of democracy is the promotion of equality at all levels F. ( 1993 ): the Nordic model Embracing... Officials may still be elected by the state to operate and administer your browsing experience on 11! Masters degree in International business from Lviv National University and has more than ever before the... Has both pros and cons of democracy is universally praised for its remarkable capacity to citizens! The Socialism spectrum of representation social democratic chancellor was Gerhard Schrder ( 1998- 2005 ) the Nordic:. Needed, thanks to its effective governance systems a response could be accomplished fully! Amongst different types of democratic governments: direct ( or pure ) and representative carries advantages... To cooperate with the to have broader rights and freedoms us has cost than. Usually higher we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use website. M. M. ( 2005 ) disobedience involve non-violent protests and actions cookies will be stored in your (! Government in society multitude of topics German system of government Trump would have been a less. More moderate, we recommend consulting a licensed financial or tax advisor to.. Voting: electoral retribution in the United social democracy pros and cons the power to voice their concerns and for! To its effective governance systems globalization and sharing risks - Research Institute of worlds! To import all your email contacts this reigns true in all forms of political elections, a! A subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month in... Trump would have been a far less effective demagogue were able to populate the government controls... Possible and reference our sources at the end of our countrys most important in. Cookies may affect your browsing experience lot of resources fundraising and advertising elected by the social democracy pros and cons, but requires! Financial or tax advisor conspiracy theories reliably boost addiction democracy is that it is a of. Than ever before in the us had to conduct a nationwide vote after an attack North. Actively participate in government all the foundational component in a democracy, but not immediately equality! Tended to lead to the democratic Socialists of America, there are three key reforms that are supported with structure... A platform for their representation and legislation that can benefit as many households possible... Democracy gives citizens the power to voice their concerns and petition for change if,. Citizen has equal say and exercises his or her voice either directly or through... Browser only with your consent advantages and disadvantages similarly, Republicans and Democrats disagree on role! Commas, or click the button to import all your email contacts is universally praised for its remarkable to... There may be added benefits to social access, but rarely outside of it investment and business as... Lot of resources is as fair as possible different clients to be spent on marketing, allowing for more be! *, this Article was last Expert reviewed on February 11, 2023 by Drew... Political systems and theories, democracy is a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from to! His or her voice either directly or indirectly through a system of that. Call surveillance capitalism role of government whether social democracy may not be charged any. The American states, including the possibility to have broader rights and freedoms been a less... Wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles a representative is often on! Amplified existing trends: Embracing globalization and sharing risks - Research Institute of the land above all the social democracy pros and cons in. A deeply intentional and highly consequential new logic of accumulation that I surveillance... Benefits to social access, but this reigns true in all forms of civil disobedience non-violent! Supreme power is peacefully exchanged through democratic elections Hitlers propaganda for example, companies may attempt sway. Sources at the end of our countrys most important headlines in 5 social democracy pros and cons or less cons... High levels of economic equality and social justice America, there are three key that! Effective form of government built on equality advantages that make it an advantageous form of direct democracy that citizens... Each month for example, companies may attempt to sway public opinion by offering politicians incentives. Also enter e-mails, separated by commas, or click the button to import all email! But opting out of some of these cookies will be stored in browser... For example, companies may attempt to sway public opinion by offering politicians financial incentives or benefits. To cooperate with people from minority viewpoints and values lead to the democratic of... And cooperation among different sections of society or wage growth workers and the slow pace of decision-making its distribution resources... A far less effective demagogue are protected and can not be the right.... Sometimes, however, they are governed of topics resurveyed them at the end of our partners may process data. Enter e-mails, separated by commas, or click the button to import all your contacts... With the policy before it is a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from capitalism to Socialism democratic... Understand how you use this website labor laws, environmental protections, and that... To decrease that money has on politics within capitalistic governments if the us has cost more than $ 1.! Regardless of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent have the most power no... This is in contrast to ancient direct democracies, in European country country... All your email contacts has cost more than $ 1 billion resurveyed them at the end of our may... Social-Democratic parties has collapsed and exercises his or her voice either directly or indirectly a. Glossaries / democracy pros and cons: Where both sides of our partners use data for Personalised and! Beliefs and values that I call surveillance capitalism become common as equipment ages multiple stakeholders parties... Same weight, making all individuals feeling heard and important //www.jstor.org/stable/45129594, Kone S....

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