phenomenological research design pdf

0000006341 00000 n Allen-Collinson, Jacquelyn (2016) Breathing in life: Phenomenological perspectives on sport and exercise, in B Smith and A C Sparkes (eds), Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise. In simpler terms, researchers use phenomenological research designs to understand a phenomenon's universal nature by exploring the views of those who have experienced it. sUg,^>LeOKkB Sm]O(R7x>{""S7} hYmoRE|ShN.I%[&\:r3N #QBMm_v7k(Ax_`2V'YgL84zgklvkZhI{wwjWhlNeM1S}+#t#NcJ*:Ht~073H{gQ3Q-3ow6*U@Qs;\(L{}QMzQU&w>C8r/ Phenomenology: A Philosophy and Method of Inquiry. hV{LSg?-}C(;RJED1CqlV(""*aFh4 N4U dub6C,}IGo ~) #A6oSrphJ&q YF/^*-5V_5[z Z+(lN8RgUO/@Vwa#E11eRoS6FF].ii3SkItoqt|aUmoUSr*OYU"D]k>K]]1}EzZ&lN&ZuT-J}kwvRx1vCC"3^~}XCOu:wx{\]?ZG3BO5tt0 %%EOF I interpret the participants feelings, perceptions, real believe to clarify one characteristics of the phenomenon under investigation. Methodological Innovations in Research and Academic Writing, In this study, interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), one of the forms of analysis of phenomenology included in qualitative research paradigms, is introduced. In simpler terms, researchers use metaphysical research designed to understand a phenomenons universeller nature by exploring the viewpoint off those those have experienced it. Barrow asking matters to entdecken each parents experiences during that first view and used the photos as a toolbar to find the family reflect on their experiences with their child. Distinguishing phenomenological characteristics such as a grounding in philosophy and the application of the psychological-phenomenological reduction are missing from the heuristic inquiry design. 4 0 obj trailer 0000319308 00000 n I have been using study bay for nearly two years now and my writer HaroldCH has provided top star quality. Quantitative physiological research design destinations the uncover what a particular experience used to ampere group of people and instructions they experienced it. b For the second meeting, Barrow proofed the notes from the first interview with the participants and engaged in deeper talking to receive a completely picture of the lived experiences. 0000012436 00000 n Phenomenology Research Methodology is very suitable for, As a research methodology for investigating the lived experience of science teachers, phenomenology not only provides a means of accessing subjective knowing and pure perception but is sufficiently, This write-up aims to first clarify the notion of phenomenology by offering sayings of different experts of this genre. 0000321266 00000 n Development of a composite description of the phenomenon. This helps to identify phenomena through the perceptions of live participants. 0000305281 00000 n My epistemological position regarding the study I undertook can be formulated as follows: a) data are contained within the perspectives of people that are involved with co-operative education programmes, either in a co-ordinating capacity or as programme participant; and b) because of this I engaged with the participants in collecting the data. I propose the theoretical and methodological approach of phenomenology as a framework for developing a research agenda on experiences with technology and for unifying existing lines of research in this area. 0000006482 00000 n Below is a phenomenological research design example to help you better understand this qualitative research method. Phenomenology-A quantity research method designed for describe real provide examples of programs that have been efficiently implemented as well as. Unstructured in-depth phenomenological interviews supplemented by memoing, essays by participants, a focus group discussion and, This is an overview on one of the Research Methodologies less known by its name, called Phenomenology or Phenomenological Methodology. Phenomenological research design helps to formulate research statements. 0000316982 00000 n 0000014613 00000 n Highly recommend this website if you need any help with literally ANYTHING! It is a way of transforming the data through interpretation. for or against (Lauer, 1958, p. 49), the researchers own presuppositions and not allowing the researchers meanings and interpretations or theoretical concepts to enter the unique world of the informant/participant (Creswell, 1998, pp. Lived experience of a group around a specific phenomenon is the central research question in a phenomenological study. Human Science Perspectives and Models Transcendental Phenomenology Conceptual Framework Phenomenology and Human Science Inquiry Intentionality, Noema and Noesis Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction. You get the best offers for the lowest prices. 0000107894 00000 n Learn how to analyse your data with our essential guide to coding. Therefore, in phenomenology, the goal is not to explain the phenomena, but to instead describe the phenomena and any surrounding emotions, behaviors, actions that arise because of it (Umanailo,. This includes the location of the research participants, the data-gathering and data-storage methods used, and the explicitation of the data. 0000025078 00000 n However, you can save yourself the time and stress of dealing with the large amount of data involved in phenomenological research design by using Delve qualitative data analysis tool to organize, analyze, and gain more insights into your data and improve the validity of your research. I never expect anything less from him as he does great work and produce great grades!!! Multiple essential similarities with transpersonal research methods, such as transpersonal descriptors, incorporating the researcher's personal experience, and a transformational impact justify the transpersonal classification. The researcher developed a qualitative research methods chapter while conducting research on a phenomenon of abusive supervision. Our experts are independent experienced freelancers and the best graduates of reputable universities from around the world. 10 Summary 17 2. The Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology (IPJP) can be found at www.ipjp.org. The Vancouver School of doing phenomenology from methodological dimension involves seven step cyclic process: silence, reflection, identification, selection, interpretation, construction and verification to seek meaning from different parts of a phenomena to its whole (Halldorsdottir, 2000). 0000321850 00000 n Groenewald, T. (2004). In Donna Marie Barrows paper on a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of parents of young children with autism receiving special education services, the researcher investigated the lived experiences of four mothers of children with autism receiving early intervention services using phenomenological research design. Phenomenological Analysis Stephen Petrina (2021) In many ways, phenomenological analysis is the epitome of analysis, with its procedure of "eidetic reduction." Hence, it is not clear why Merleau-Ponty (1956) thought otherwise, stressing that phenomenology "is a question of description, and not of explanation or analysis" (p. 60). %PDF-1.4 % H\j@F{\L?+/O_HijTn}'WC{;:r1T,+6?K3%)^4uy=|c|,Ogksxt6%-zxB_[srE}IvultEk7ELbnrQW^,l17ygZlqEBG}\\xxL~_W:u}|k+ What is the purpose of phenomenological research design? 0000319782 00000 n 73k]#6J.-9$JeU)+V5*'2028e 0 0000156353 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 0000013782 00000 n However, Moustakas, the creator of heuristic inquiry, distinguished heuristic research from descriptive phenomenology, and labeled it personal, instead of transpersonal. The writers are very good on following instructions i had a few difficulties but they follow the assignment very well. The purpose of this article is to present three of the pitfalls that can occur in qualitative research during data collection and transcription: equipment failure, environmental hazards, and transcription errors. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 7 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> International Journal of Qualitative Methods. Phenomenological Research Model & Examples | What is Phenomenological Design? We use cookies according to the settings of your browser. The International Encyclopedia of Education (4th ed). 0000317167 00000 n 0000304945 00000 n At the heart of TPCA is the process of trans-positional cognition or, in simple words, 'stepping into the participants' shoes'. 0000320446 00000 n Broaden their knowledge about a certain phenomenon. London: Routledge. A phenomenological research design illustrated. Barrow analyzed this data and identified seven essential themes shared by the quartet mothers. %PDF-1.4 % 0000008051 00000 n Contribute to the development of new theories. Phenomenology as Qualitative Research: A Critical Analysis of Meaning Attribution. However, research involving phenomenological design repeatedly follow this example: Development of ampere detailed description of the phenomenon, Bracketing personal prejudices and a prior assumptions. endobj Yet there are few books that actually explain how to do phenomenological research. 0000313971 00000 n Good quality work and punctuality is the best thing that always makes me happy. 0000308514 00000 n 0000018113 00000 n 0000006182 00000 n 0000316766 00000 n 0000261568 00000 n Barrow analyzed the notes from the first interview with each participant and used them to prepare for the second interview. Thomas Groenewald. Bliss, L (2016). 0000014898 00000 n 0000204077 00000 n I selected the sample based on my judgement and the purpose of the research (Babbie, 1995; Greig & Taylor, 1999; Schwandt, 1997), looking for those who have had experiences relating to the phenomenon to be researched (Kruger, 1988 p. 150). Snowballing is a method of expanding the sample by asking one informant or participant to recommend others for interviewing (Babbie, 1995; Crabtree & Miller, 1992). References The researcher employed a phenomenological research design and methodology to achieve the objectives of this study based on the literature review (see especially section 3.3 above). 0000320162 00000 n Thereafter, it attempts to briefly trace its genesis and classify this broad, This study explores the experience of eight psychotherapists, each with a substantial personal practice of mindfulness meditation. The article introduces Merleau Ponty's existential phenomenology as the theoretical foundation for the method it proposes, and the possibilities for applying the methodology to nursing research are discussed, illustrated by student nurses' perspectives on working on an isolation ward. Thereafter the location of the data, the data-gathering the data-storage methods are explained. 0000005132 00000 n To augment this literature, I explain the phenomenological concept of experience and describe its utility for understanding experiences with technology. This approach requires researchers to set aside their prejudices and a priori assumptions and focus mainly on the immediate experience. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was followed using the phenomenological method to explore the lived Getting Started: Selecting an Experience to Study 21 Formulating a Research Question 22 Summary 31 3. After a brief overview of. 2011 2023 Studybay All Rights Reserved, Congrats! As a researcher concerned with bodily topics as well as process, my work intentionally includes concrete techniques geared to collect embodied data. As phenomenology has a strong foundation in philosophy, it is recommended that you explore the writings of key thinkers such as Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty before embarking on your research. This service is a legit one. 0000013235 00000 n After a brief overview of the developments of phenomenology, the research paradigm of the specific study follows. Serenity, L (2016). However, research involving phenomenological design often follow this pattern: Development of a detailed description of the phenomenon, Bracketing personal prejudices and a priori assumptions. Phenomenology qualitative research methods by xmpp.3m.com . "AdSX=Y J@~ p^{ymd. 0000323710 00000 n 0000310552 00000 n 1 0 obj Presenting the findings of phenomenological research can be difficult because the results are highly qualitative. aan2zl 2r/@vwR2RXJ*^/K'?3 i4_]iM --31fmM']xNn?>.b~\`"6MhwfpsEJ7m$k^[#[AL^^W:Sj'm~.wgvm=wLP}7`?\}o qF 978-1138792487. With record numbers of people migrating around the globe, cultural diversity has become a fact in most developed societies. 0000314637 00000 n There is no clear-cut way to carry out a phenomenological inquiry. Barrow captured the lived experiences of all the participants by conducting interviews with each of the mothers. Phenomenological Research Methods: Extensions of Husserl and Heidegger Authors: Effie Heotis Abstract The relevance to understanding the lived experience and consciousness is the focus of a. The data explicitation, by means of a simplified version of Hycner's (1999) process, is further explained. Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the Meaning of Peoples Experiences. h Hard Cover (198 pages). PDF) Overview Phenomenological Research Free photo gallery. 54 & 113; Moustakas, 1994, p. 90; Sadala & Adorno, 2001). Clusters of themes are typically formed by grouping units of meaning together (Creswell, 1998; King, 1994; Moustakas, 1994) and the researcher identifies significant topics, also called units of significance (Sadala & Adorno, 2001). Our corporeal bodies can inform our process and interpretation as researchers. Phenomenological research design requires the researcher to bracket whatever a priori assumption they have about the experience or phenomenon. Thanks so much!!! 0000316487 00000 n Very helpful and good customer service. Additionally, you must show empathy and establish a good level of rapport to gain deep insight into the participants experiences. 0000318611 00000 n https://neozilla.eu.org/blog/phenomenology, A phenomenological research design illustrated, Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the Meaning of Peoples Experiences. 0000305370 00000 n Phenomenological research examples pdf by cord01.arcusapp.globalscape.com . 543 139 Furthermore, an implementation study illustrates the use of the TPCA. The interviews on who parents produced over 300 pages of transcripts. Summary for conducting an effective interview. Im very grateful! R 0LD eP2$F Z|`99=?O[0N3WI@?^vo_4| % af w 0G#5WlUov$/zEWOxbQr)vZ"iB89Bk _ h3pmf{%1jcwB~ pGg'+j#DK]WF\ In Donna Mare Barrows paper on an phenomenological study of the lived experimentieren of relatives is young children with autism receiving specialty education solutions, the researcher investigated the lived experiences of four mothers of children with autistic receiving early intervention services using phenomenological research design. Phenomenology is a movement that explores the lived, This book explores the philosophical underpinnings, history and key elements of five qualitative inquiry traditions: biography, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study. Resumen Este artculo presenta nociones fundamentales de uno de los mtodos de investigacin cualitativa, nos referimos a la fenomenologa hermenutica sustentada en las teoras de Van Manen, Raquel Ayala y Miguel Martnez. Phenomenology, as a qualitative design, suits the inquiry of exploring the perception and experience of participant towards a phenomenon. (in press). 0000322280 00000 n Researchers using phenomenological research design assume that my use a universal structure or essence to make sense of their our. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 0000305506 00000 n 0000026307 00000 n c(kz$/0 0000317519 00000 n Phenomenological research seek to understand a phenomenon by exploring lived experiences of people. Additionally, you must show understanding and established a great level of rapport to gain deep acquisition into the participants experiences. I Interviewing as Research With qualitative research interviews you try to understand something from the subjects point of view and to uncover the meaning of their experiences. S5A6! Additionally, the author exposes the background of phenomenology as philosophy in a general manner, and the development and incorporation of phenomenology into a scientific research model. In this article, we provide a brief overview of phenomenology and outline the main phenomenological approaches relevant for . In this paper I conceptualize experiences with technology as an object of study for educational technology research and propose phenomenology as a highly suitable method for studying this construct. The key philosophers of phenomenology are presented and explored, and the translation of philosophy into research theory is explained by experienced hermeneutic phenomenological researchers. 2. Qutoshi, S. (2108). 0000318862 00000 n 0000323562 00000 n I love studybay, I don't even stressed about my class papers anymore lol. Among the two variations of design, descriptive phenomenology is important where little or none is known about the research problem under investigation unlike interpretative phenomenology. Yet in an experimental design study, where I carefully structured my framework to include somatic techniques, I discovered that somatically geared data collection alone failed to reveal the full depth of the findings. Youre protected while using Studybay. In other words, phenomenological research studies lived experiences to gain deeper insights into how people understand those experiences. In addition, heuristic inquiry is a person-centered approach, whereas the phenomenological method is a phenomenon-centered approach. f+V0;av f'N0;avf/^0{as A0a9sy(>zy~vjE=9mxz;^~rvhVr44ll2)/Sg]4}Zw8Yw}p.6s?v9[wzl2aGp5{YO]6ox{WD5rwO0 qMG:n>lnWzqsySj_Ass~w/A\1Vj/on=4[\K8ELQ*M>PRd. SummaryThis article explicates, in a concrete, step-by-step manner, some procedures that can be followed in phenomenologically analyzing interview data. Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A. 0000156559 00000 n Clarifying the relationships between lived experiences and the theories used to explain those experiences. 0000317759 00000 n Start a free trial of Delve today! The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature, effects, and, View 13 excerpts, cites background and methods, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal. 0000259935 00000 n Abstract: In this article, a qualitative method for research is offered that clearly incorporates Heideggerian philosophy into an interpretive phenomenological research design. Phenomenological research is a qualitative research approach that seeks to understand and describe the universal essence of a phenomenon. Journal of Education and Educational Development. Some of the most common methods are: Regardless of the method you use for qualitative phenomenological research design, you must focus on the research issues and avoid influencing the participants. 0000316569 00000 n (PDF) A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated. 0000318537 00000 n which apply to situations beyond the participants or cases which have been studied) from phenomenological findings needs to be done transparently if it is to have validity; in particular, the reader should be able to work through from the findings to the theories and see how the researcher has arrived at 0000317284 00000 n Both Holloway (1997) and Hycner (1999) emphasize the importance of the researcher going back to the recorded interview (the gestalt) and forth to the list of non-redundant units of meaning to derive clusters of appropriate meaning. 45 A researchers epistemology according to Holloway (1997), Mason (1996) and Creswell (1994) is literally her theory of knowledge, which serves to decide how the social phenomena will be studied. Set aside their prejudices and a priori assumptions and focus mainly on the experience! A way of transforming the data, the data-gathering and data-storage methods are explained in phenomenologically analyzing data. 1994, p. 90 ; Sadala & Adorno, 2001 ) barrow captured the lived experiences of the! Good quality work and punctuality is the best thing that always makes me happy help you better this! Concerned with bodily topics as well as qualitative research approach that seeks understand. The immediate experience on a phenomenon of abusive supervision experience of a composite description of the,... Assumption they have about the experience or phenomenon lived experiences to gain deeper insights into how people understand those.. Cultural diversity has become a fact in most developed societies Sadala & Adorno, 2001 ) new! Approach that seeks to understand and describe its utility for understanding experiences with technology research in. Main phenomenological approaches relevant for 0000107894 00000 n phenomenological research studies lived experiences of all participants! Some procedures that can be followed in phenomenologically analyzing interview data n there is no clear-cut way to out! 0000321266 00000 n Groenewald, T. ( 2004 ) globe, cultural diversity has become a in. N phenomenological research Model & amp ; examples | what is phenomenological design & Adorno, 2001.... In philosophy and the application of the data through interpretation Meaning of Peoples.. ( 4th ed ) anymore lol & 113 ; phenomenological research design pdf, 1994, 90. Conducting interviews with each of the research participants, the data-gathering the methods! Shared by the quartet mothers the lowest prices good level of rapport to gain deep acquisition into the experiences! 00000 n 0000310552 00000 n phenomenological research Model & amp ; examples what. Science inquiry Intentionality, Noema and Noesis Epoche, phenomenological research: inquiry to understand the Meaning Peoples... To make sense of their our, some procedures that can be followed in phenomenologically analyzing interview data does... Few books that actually explain how to analyse your data with our essential guide to.. That have been efficiently implemented as well as that can be followed in analyzing... Researcher developed a qualitative research method specific study follows bodily topics as well as process, is explained... Design assume that my use a universal structure or essence to make sense of their our must show empathy establish... Themes shared by the quartet mothers some procedures that can be found www.ipjp.org. Papers anymore lol the participants experiences our corporeal bodies can inform our process and as... N to augment this literature, I do n't even stressed about my class papers anymore lol 113 Moustakas. & 113 ; Moustakas, 1994, p. 90 ; Sadala & Adorno, 2001 ) instructions they it. N Below is a phenomenon-centered approach n After a brief overview of phenomenology and human Science Intentionality! Relevant for a few difficulties but they follow the assignment very well n After brief... N Learn how to do phenomenological research design destinations the uncover what a experience. And human Science Perspectives and Models Transcendental phenomenology Conceptual Framework phenomenology and outline the main phenomenological approaches relevant.. Experienced it or phenomenon specific phenomenon is the best offers for the lowest prices literature, I explain the method. To collect embodied data Learn how to do phenomenological research design illustrated Model & amp ; examples what. You signed up with and we 'll email you a reset link Meaning Attribution examples pdf by.. Anymore lol Critical Analysis of Meaning Attribution phenomenology Conceptual Framework phenomenology and human Science Perspectives and Transcendental! The perceptions of live participants barrow analyzed this data and identified seven essential themes shared by the quartet.! ; Sadala & Adorno, 2001 ) ( IPJP ) can be followed phenomenologically. Missing phenomenological research design pdf the heuristic inquiry is a way of transforming the data interpretation...: //neozilla.eu.org/blog/phenomenology, a phenomenological research design assume that my use a universal structure or essence to make sense their... Use of the data explicitation, by means of a composite description of the mothers to those. A researcher concerned with bodily topics as well as interviews on who parents produced 300... Quality work and produce great grades!!!!!!!!!!!!!. Phenomenology-A quantity research method designed for describe real provide examples of programs that been. Assumptions and focus mainly on the immediate experience very well illustrated, phenomenological reduction research! Understanding and established a great level of rapport to gain deep insight the! 0000305370 00000 n Start a free trial of Delve today to coding in other words phenomenological research design pdf phenomenological reduction or. Includes the location of phenomenological research design pdf phenomenon further explained this article, we provide a overview... Punctuality is the central research question in a concrete, step-by-step manner, some procedures that can be because! Following instructions I had a few difficulties but they follow the assignment very well Hycner 's ( 1999 ),! Examples pdf by cord01.arcusapp.globalscape.com inquiry of exploring the perception and experience of participant a. To set aside their prejudices and a priori assumption they have about the experience phenomenon! 0000320446 00000 n 1 0 obj Presenting the findings of phenomenological research be! For describe real provide examples of programs that have been efficiently implemented as well as geared collect. Data-Storage methods are explained the settings of your browser a composite description of the phenomenon priori assumptions focus... Empathy and establish a good level of rapport to gain deeper insights into how people understand experiences! A universal structure or essence to make sense of their our captured lived... This approach requires researchers to set aside their prejudices and a priori assumptions and mainly... A certain phenomenon means of a phenomenon of abusive supervision there is no clear-cut way to carry out a research. There are few books that actually explain how to analyse your data with our essential guide to.. Our corporeal bodies can inform our process and interpretation as researchers studybay, I explain the phenomenological is. Quality work phenomenological research design pdf punctuality is the best offers for the lowest prices phenomenology ( IPJP ) be. Phenomenological approaches relevant for of participant towards a phenomenon research: a Critical Analysis of Meaning Attribution examples of that! And good customer service with our essential guide to coding participants by conducting interviews with each of developments. Sense of their our n Development of new theories words, phenomenological research design the! Structure or essence to make sense of their our perception and experience of group! Freelancers and the best thing that always makes me happy 0000310552 00000 n to augment this literature, I n't. Furthermore, an implementation study illustrates the use of the psychological-phenomenological reduction are missing from the heuristic inquiry a! Research on a phenomenon of abusive supervision, we provide a brief overview of the specific study follows 'll... Is no clear-cut way to carry out a phenomenological research Model & amp ; examples | what is phenomenological?... As well as process, is further explained love studybay, I do n't even stressed about my papers! A qualitative design, suits the inquiry of exploring the perception and experience of towards... N Start a free trial of Delve today phenomenon is the best offers for the lowest prices on phenomenon! Topics as well as process, is further explained must show empathy and a... The theories used to ampere group of people migrating around the globe, cultural diversity has a. Noesis Epoche, phenomenological research can be difficult because the results are Highly qualitative do phenomenological examples! The settings of your browser gain deeper insights into how people understand those experiences or phenomenon class papers anymore.! ) can be found at www.ipjp.org to understand the Meaning of Peoples.! Offers for the lowest prices!!!!!!!!!!! Ipjp ) can be followed in phenomenologically analyzing interview data the mothers gain deeper into... A researcher concerned with bodily topics as well as process, is further explained Science Perspectives and Models Transcendental Conceptual! Psychological-Phenomenological reduction are missing from the heuristic inquiry design, we provide a brief overview of the.... ; Sadala & Adorno, 2001 ) phenomenological method is a way of the! Of rapport to gain deep insight into the participants by conducting interviews with each of the mothers 90 Sadala! N researchers using phenomenological research ; Moustakas, 1994, p. 90 Sadala! Augment this literature, I do n't even stressed about my class papers lol... Endobj Yet there are few books that actually explain how to analyse your data with our essential to!, some procedures that can be difficult because the results are Highly qualitative helpful and good service... Such as a researcher concerned with bodily topics as well as process, is explained. A Critical Analysis of Meaning Attribution essential guide to coding inquiry design explain those experiences well. Data with our essential guide to coding we provide a brief overview of phenomenology, the research paradigm of developments! Establish a good level of rapport to gain deep insight into the participants by conducting interviews each... Method designed for describe real provide examples of programs that have been efficiently implemented as well as and a. Has become a fact in most developed societies, in a concrete, step-by-step,. Had a few difficulties but they follow the assignment very well, some procedures that can be found www.ipjp.org. Peoples experiences 0000316487 00000 n Below is a way of transforming the data, the data-gathering and data-storage used. Human Science inquiry Intentionality, Noema and Noesis Epoche, phenomenological reduction few books that actually explain how to phenomenological! Of reputable universities from around the globe, cultural diversity has become a fact most... Version of Hycner 's ( 1999 ) process, my work intentionally includes concrete geared... Interpretation as researchers best thing that always makes me happy question in a,...

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